1 One of the ways the Vietnam syndrome had impact was to deter Ronald Reagan from invading Nicaragua with U.S. troops, a deterrence heightened by the threat by the Pledge of Resistance to create widespread disruption and ignite public uproar.

2 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969).

3 This document was created out of an international, collective process and published in a number of languages. George Lakey, "A Manifesto for Nonviolent Revolution" (Philadelphia: Movement for a New Society, 1976), reprinted in Richard Falk, Samuel S. Kim, Saul H. Menddlovitz (eds.), "Toward a Just World Order" (Boulder, Co.; Westview Press, 1982) pp. 638-652).

4 To learn more about strong nonviolent resistance to the Nazis by Jews, see Yehuda Bauer's article in "Protest, Power and Change" [1997] ed. Roger S. Powers and William B. Vogele, pp. 276-277.

5 Ward Churchill, "Pacifism as Pathology", cited above, p. 37.

6 See the account by Stephen Zunes in "Unarmed Resistance in the Middle East and North Africa," in Stephen Zunes, Lester R. Kurtz, and Sarah Beth Asher, eds., "Nonviolent Social Movements : A Geographical Perspective" (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1999) pp. 44-46.

7 George Lakey, "Powerful Peacemaking: A Strategy for a Living Revolution", (Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada: New Society Publishers, 1987) ch. 2.

8 Stephen Zunes, "The Role of Nonviolence in the Downfall of Apartheid," "Nonviolent Social Movements" (cited above), pp. 203-230.

9 For a larger sample of the thousands of cases of mass nonviolent action by people of color, see Bill Sutherland and Matt Meyer, "Guns and Gandhi in Africa: Pen African Insights on Nonviolence, Armed Struggle and Liberation in Africa" (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2000); Philip McManus and Gerald Schlabach, eds., "Relentless Persistence: Nonviolent Action in Latin America" (Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada: New Society Publishers, 1991); Patricia Parkman, "Insurrectionary Civic Strikes in Latin America: 1931-1961" (Cambridge, Mass.: Albert Einstein Institution, 1990); Stephen Zunes, Lester R. Kurtz, and Sarah Beth Asher, eds., "Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective" (cited above); Gene Sharp, "The Politics of Nonviolent Action" (Cambridge, Mass.: Porter Sargent, 1973).

10 A clear and inspiring book by a woman who built a grassroots organization by facing honestly the class and race divisions in our society is by Linda Stout, "Bridging the Class Divide" (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).

11 This is captured vividly in the documentary film "A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict," which was shown on Public Broadcasting System in 2000 and is available from Films for the Humanities and Sciences, PO Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543-2053; web site: www.films.com. The companion book is by Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, "A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict" (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000).

12 This campaign, which has more to teach us about direct action than there's room to go into here, is described blow-by-blow by Richard K. Taylor, "Blockade" (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1977). This campaign in solidarity with Bangladesh happened in 1971-72.

13 "Powerful Peacemaking: A Strategy for a Living Revolution", cited above, ch. 2.

14 Barbara Deming writes powerfully and eloquently about this in her essay "Revolution and Equilibrium" published in 1968 in Liberation Magazine, available from the A.J. Muste Memorial Institute, 339 Lafayette St, New York, NY 10012.

15 "Dreaming the Dark: Magic, Sex and Politics" (Boston: Beacon Press, 1988), ch. 1.

16 The revised edition was called "Powerful Peacemaking: A Strategy for a Living Revolution", cited above.

Thanks to Skylar Fein and LeRoy Moore.

Copyright © 2001 George Lakey